A comprehensive, evidence-based information hub for people with CP, their families, and healthcare professionals — treatments, research, adaptive sports, and global support resources.
Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability in childhood, affecting approximately 17 million people worldwide. CP is not a single condition but a group of permanent neurological disorders affecting movement, posture, and muscle tone.
What Is Cerebral Palsy?
CP refers to a group of permanent but non-progressive neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture, caused by injury or abnormal development of the brain before, during, or shortly after birth. "Cerebral" refers to the brain; "palsy" to motor impairment.
Treatments Available
Botulinum toxin (Dysport FDA-approved for pediatric spasticity), baclofen (oral and intrathecal), SDR surgery, physiotherapy, CIMT, HABIT, and goal-directed training. Research advances include cord blood therapy and DBS.
Active Living
Swimming, boccia, hippotherapy, frame running, adaptive cycling, yoga, and wheelchair dancing. People with CP participate in sports from local clubs to the Paralympic Games.
About Cerebral Palsy
Types, causes, classification, and diagnosis
Types of CP
Spastic CP (80%) — increased muscle tone, stiff movements. Subtypes: spastic diplegia (legs primarily), spastic hemiplegia (one side), spastic quadriplegia (all limbs). Dyskinetic/Athetoid CP — involuntary, writhing movements. Ataxic CP — affects balance and coordination. Mixed — combination of features.
Causes
Prenatal (brain malformations, infections, genetic factors — ~30%), perinatal (birth asphyxia, premature birth, low birth weight), and postnatal (head injury, stroke, meningitis — up to age 2). In ~25% of cases, no clear cause is identified even after full investigation.
GMFCS Classification
The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–V describes motor function: Level I (walks without limitations), Level II (walks with limitations), Level III (walks with hand-held mobility aids), Level IV (self-mobility with limitations, may use powered chair), Level V (transported in manual wheelchair).
CP is a clinical diagnosis based on neurological examination, developmental history, and brain imaging (MRI). The General Movement Assessment (GMA) can identify motor abnormalities as early as 2–4 months of age — enabling very early diagnosis. MRI findings are abnormal in ~80% of CP cases. Genetic testing is recommended to identify monogenic causes, particularly when MRI is normal.
CP frequently co-occurs with: epilepsy (25–45%), intellectual disability (up to 50%), vision impairment (40%), hearing impairment (15%), speech and communication difficulties (50–80%), pain (75%), and sleep disturbances (40%). Each of these requires separate assessment and management. Pain is the most underrecognized and undertreated comorbidity in CP.
The brain injury causing CP does not worsen, but the functional impact changes across the lifespan. Children may gain skills with intervention; adults may experience functional decline due to musculoskeletal changes, pain, and fatigue. Transition from pediatric to adult care is a critical and often challenging period. Adult CP care is underresourced worldwide and is an active area of advocacy and research.
Treatments
Medications, therapies, and surgical options
| Medication | Target | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Botulinum Toxin A (Dysport, Botox) | Focal spasticity | Dysport FDA-approved 2023 for pediatric lower limb spasticity. Injected into target muscles; effect lasts 3–6 months. Usually combined with intensive physiotherapy for maximum benefit. |
| Oral Baclofen | Generalized spasticity | GABA-B agonist. Effective for widespread spasticity. Side effects include sedation and weakness. Commonly used from school age onwards. |
| Intrathecal Baclofen (ITB) | Severe spasticity / dystonia | Delivered directly to spinal fluid via implanted pump. Far higher efficacy at lower doses. Requires surgical implantation and regular pump refills. |
| Diazepam | Spasticity / muscle spasm | Benzodiazepine. Short-term use for acute muscle spasm or during orthopedic recovery. Long-term use limited by sedation and dependence risk. |
| Trihexyphenidyl | Dystonia | Anticholinergic used for dyskinetic CP. Requires careful titration; side effects include dry mouth and constipation. |
| Levodopa / Carbidopa | Dopa-responsive dystonia | Highly effective in dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) — a condition sometimes misdiagnosed as CP. Trial of levodopa is recommended in most children with dystonic CP. |
Physiotherapy
Core of CP rehabilitation. Approaches include Goal-Directed Training (GDT), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-guided therapy, and task-specific practice. High-intensity, goal-directed physiotherapy shows strong evidence. Aquatic therapy provides low-impact movement in warm water.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)
For hemiplegic CP — constrains the less-affected hand while intensively practicing the affected hand. HABIT (Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy) trains both hands simultaneously. Both are among the most evidence-based interventions for upper limb function in CP.
Speech-Language Therapy
Up to 80% of children with CP have speech or communication difficulties. SLP addresses articulation, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), feeding, and swallowing. Early AAC introduction supports language development even before expressive speech emerges.
Hippotherapy
Therapeutic horseback riding uses the horse's three-dimensional movement to improve trunk control, balance, and posture. Studies show improvements in gross motor function and quality of life. Widely available through certified hippotherapy centers globally.
Robotic Rehabilitation
Exoskeleton-based gait training (Lokomat, EksoNR, Hocoma), robotic arm therapy (ArmeoSpring), and robotic orthotics provide high-repetition, task-specific practice. Evidence is growing for improved gait and upper limb function in children and adults with CP.
Aquatic Therapy
Warm-water therapy reduces spasticity, supports movement, and improves cardiovascular fitness. Many children who cannot walk on land can walk in water — a powerful motivational and therapeutic tool. Swimming also supports social inclusion and sport participation.
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR)
Surgical procedure that selectively cuts sensory nerve rootlets at the spinal level to permanently reduce spasticity in lower limbs. Best evidence for ambulatory children with spastic diplegia (GMFCS I–III). Requires intensive post-operative physiotherapy for 12–24 months. Long-term outcomes are positive in carefully selected patients.
Orthopedic Surgery
Single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) corrects multiple musculoskeletal problems at once (tendon lengthening, osteotomy, muscle transfers), reducing the number of surgical procedures over a lifetime. Gait analysis (3D instrumented gait analysis) guides surgical planning. Hip surveillance programs reduce hip dislocation rates in high-risk children.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
For severe dystonic CP, DBS delivers continuous electrical stimulation to the globus pallidus interna (GPi), reducing involuntary movements. UCSF has published promising results in pediatric cerebellar DBS for CP. DBS is reserved for cases where medications and other interventions are insufficient.
Important Questions for Your CP Specialist
Bring these questions to your next appointment:
Which muscles are candidates for botulinum toxin injection? How often would we repeat the injections? What intensive physiotherapy should we combine with the injections? Are there goals we should set to measure whether treatment is working? What are the realistic benefits for our child's specific GMFCS level?
Does my child meet the candidacy criteria for SDR? What does 3D gait analysis show, and does it support surgical intervention? How do I find an experienced SDR surgical center? What is the realistic expectation for walking improvement? What does the 12–24 month post-operative physiotherapy program involve?
How do we assess pain in my child (especially if communication is limited)? What is the likely source of pain (muscle, joint, GI, neuropathic)? What is the role of spasticity treatment in pain reduction? Are there physiotherapy approaches specifically for pain management? Should we consult a pain specialist?
Clinical Trials
Active research studies and how to participate
Cord Blood Therapy (NCT03327467)
Duke University's Phase 2 trial uses autologous (the child's own) umbilical cord blood infusions to attempt neuroprotection and repair. Early Phase 1 results showed safety and modest functional improvements. The Phase 2 placebo-controlled trial is ongoing with participants across multiple US sites.
Cerebellar Deep Brain Stimulation
University of California, San Francisco is running trials of DBS targeting the cerebellum (rather than the globus pallidus) in children and adults with CP. Early results show improvements in spasticity, coordination, and gait. This is a novel target not previously used in CP.
Genome Sequencing in CP
The UK's 100,000 Genomes Project and NeuralNET consortium are conducting whole-genome sequencing in CP to identify genetic causes, biomarkers, and potential therapeutic targets. Genetic diagnosis changes management in ~25% of cases where a pathogenic variant is found.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for CP
Building on successful use in spinal cord injury, transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is being trialed in CP to improve lower limb function and gait. Phase 2 trials are ongoing in the US, Australia, and Europe.
Cord Blood Phase 3
Phase 3 trial of umbilical cord blood infusion for CP across multiple centers. Uses both autologous and donor cord blood. Enrollment open for children aged 1–5 with CP diagnosis and available cord blood unit.
Medicinal Cannabis — Spasticity
Australian Phase 2 trials of NTI164, a high-cannabidiol medicinal cannabis product, for spasticity and motor function in CP. Early results show positive effects on spasticity scores and sleep. Phase 3 planning underway.
Research Highlights
Latest scientific developments in CP
Stem Cell Meta-Analysis
A comprehensive 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of stem cell trials in CP (published in Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology) confirmed statistically significant improvements in gross motor function and cognitive outcomes with cord blood therapy in children under 5. This represents the strongest evidence base yet for cell-based approaches.
Genetic Discoveries — KANK1, AP-4 Complex
Whole-genome and exome sequencing studies published in 2024 identified multiple new genes associated with CP-like presentations, including KANK1 variants (spastic diplegia-like) and AP-4 complex genes (hereditary spastic paraplegia mimicking CP). Genetic diagnosis has implications for prognosis, recurrence counseling, and eventually targeted treatment.
Dysport FDA Approval — Pediatric Spasticity
In 2024, the FDA approved Dysport (abobotulinumtoxinA) for lower limb spasticity in pediatric patients with CP — a significant regulatory milestone. Prior use was off-label in children. The approval was based on multicenter randomized controlled trial data demonstrating safety and efficacy.
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) in CP
BCI systems that translate neural signals directly into movement commands or device control are advancing rapidly. Studies in adults with CP show that BCI can enable individuals with severe motor impairment to control computers, communication devices, and robotic arms using neural signals alone. Pediatric BCI trials are in planning stages.
SDR Long-Term Outcomes Study
A 20-year follow-up study of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) outcomes, published in JAMA Neurology, confirmed durable reduction in spasticity and maintained walking ability into early adulthood in appropriately selected candidates. This study significantly strengthened the evidence base for SDR as a long-term intervention.
Young Children with CP
Early intervention and development
The Critical Window: Early Intervention
The first three years of life represent a critical window of brain plasticity. Early, intensive, and goal-directed intervention during this period produces the greatest functional gains. The goal is to maximize every child's individual potential — not to achieve a normative developmental milestone.
GAME (Goals, Activity, Motor Enrichment)
An evidence-based home program for infants at high risk for CP, involving parent-delivered motor enrichment activities targeting each child's specific goals. Randomized controlled trial evidence shows significant gains in motor function and cognitive development vs. standard physiotherapy alone.
COPCA (COPing with and CAring for infants with special needs)
A family-centered early intervention approach that trains parents as the primary agents of their infant's therapeutic activities. Parents learn to incorporate therapeutic goals into everyday routines, dramatically increasing the "dose" of intervention the child receives.
Baby-CIMT
Constraint-induced movement therapy adapted for infants as young as 3–6 months. The less-affected arm is briefly constrained while the infant is guided to use the affected arm in play. Evidence shows improvements in hand function that are maintained at long-term follow-up.
Early AAC
Communication support should begin as early as the first months of life for children at risk. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) — from simple eye-gaze boards to high-tech devices — supports language development even before expressive speech. Proloquo2Go, TD Snap, and TouchChat are widely used apps.
Supported Standing & Early Mobility
Upright positioning (standing frames) from early childhood promotes hip joint development, bone density, bowel function, and social participation. Powered mobility (ride-on toys adapted for children with CP) enables independent exploration and cognitive development from 18–24 months.
School Readiness
Educational accommodations (IEP in the US, EHC Plans in the UK) should be in place before school entry. Physical access, assistive technology, classroom aide support, and adapted physical education are all components. Neuropsychological evaluation helps identify learning profiles and optimize educational planning.
Lifestyle & Adaptive Sport
Active living with cerebral palsy
Physical Activity Is Medicine in CP
Regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health, muscle strength, bone density, mood, and quality of life in people with CP — at every GMFCS level. The goal is participation in activities that are enjoyable, social, and achievable. "Sport" means whatever works for the individual.
Swimming
Swimming is one of the most accessible and beneficial activities for people with CP. Warm water reduces spasticity and muscle tension; buoyancy supports movement. Paralympic swimming has CP-specific classifications. Many community pools offer adapted swimming programs.
Boccia
Boccia is a Paralympic precision ball sport specifically designed for athletes with severe physical impairments. Athletes with CP in GMFCS levels IV–V (using wheelchairs) can compete at the highest level. Boccia is one of only two Paralympic sports designed exclusively for athletes with severe physical disabilities.
Hippotherapy & Para-Equestrian
Beyond therapeutic hippotherapy, para-equestrian is a Paralympic sport. Riders compete in dressage across four grades based on impairment. Equestrian activities improve trunk stability, proprioception, confidence, and social participation at all ability levels.
Frame Running
Frame running (RaceRunning) is a sport for people who cannot run unaided. Participants use a three-wheeled frame for trunk support and propel themselves with their feet. It is an IPC-recognized Paralympic sport with growing international competition. Participation builds cardiovascular fitness, leg strength, and confidence.
Adaptive Cycling
Tricycles, hand cycles, recumbent bikes, and tandem cycling enable people at all GMFCS levels to experience cycling. Adaptive cycling has strong evidence for improving gross motor function, cardiovascular fitness, and participation. Many organizations provide adaptive bike lending programs.
Yoga & Mindfulness
Adapted yoga programs improve flexibility, body awareness, and stress management in people with CP. Research shows reduced spasticity and improved sleep quality. Online yoga programs adapted for wheelchair users and those with limited mobility are widely available.
Nutrition
Feeding challenges and nutritional management in CP
Feeding Assessment
Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) and clinical swallowing evaluation by an SLP should be performed in all children with CP who show signs of feeding difficulty. Assessment guides texture modification decisions using the IDDSI (International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative) framework.
Gastrostomy (G-tube)
When oral feeding cannot meet nutritional needs safely, gastrostomy tube feeding (PEG) is recommended. G-tube feeding improves nutritional status, reduces aspiration risk, reduces mealtime stress for families, and supports growth. Oral feeding for enjoyment can often continue alongside tube feeding.
Nutritional Goals
Achieving adequate energy intake for growth while managing weight (obesity risk in non-ambulatory CP, undernutrition risk in others). Calcium and vitamin D for bone health. Iron for prevention of anemia. Regular dietitian monitoring is essential. The ESPGHAN/ESPEN guidelines for CP nutrition provide evidence-based recommendations.
Constipation is nearly universal in non-ambulatory CP and highly prevalent across all levels. Management: adequate hydration, high-fiber diet (or fiber supplements), regular toileting routine, upright positioning, abdominal massage, polyethylene glycol (PEG/MiraLAX) as first-line medication, lactulose, and bisacodyl for breakthrough episodes. Severe constipation warrants specialist gastroenterology consultation.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is extremely common in CP, particularly in those with severe motor impairment (GMFCS IV–V). It causes pain, feeding aversion, aspiration risk, and sleep disruption. Management includes positioning (upright 30–45 minutes after feeds), dietary modification, proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole), and H2 blockers. Surgical anti-reflux procedures (Nissen fundoplication) may be indicated in severe cases.
Psychological Support
Mental health, coping, and family wellbeing
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT is effective for anxiety and depression in people with CP. It helps reframe negative thoughts about disability, build coping strategies, and improve quality of life. Adapted protocols are available for individuals with communication or cognitive differences. Online and telehealth CBT is increasingly available.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
ACT focuses on developing psychological flexibility — accepting difficult emotions related to disability rather than fighting them, while committing to actions that align with personal values. Particularly effective for chronic pain management in CP. ACT also supports parents in managing the emotional demands of CP caregiving.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
MBSR programs for people with CP and their caregivers reduce stress, improve emotional regulation, and reduce pain perception. Adapted mindfulness practices can be modified for individuals with physical and communication limitations. Studies show significant reductions in anxiety and caregiver burnout.
Family-Centered Support
Stepping Stones Triple P — a positive parenting program adapted for parents of children with disabilities — has strong evidence for reducing parenting stress and child behavior problems. Family therapy, parent support groups, and sibling programs are important components of comprehensive CP care.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback training helps people with CP learn to regulate physiological signals (muscle tension, heart rate variability) associated with spasticity and pain. EMG biofeedback can improve motor control in specific muscle groups. Heart rate variability biofeedback reduces anxiety and stress responses.
Peer Support Programs
Peer mentoring — connecting people with CP to others who share similar experiences — is one of the most impactful and underutilized supports. Organizations like Cerebral Palsy Alliance and United Cerebral Palsy run peer networks. Online communities provide 24/7 connection across time zones.
Global Resources & International Organizations
Worldwide CP support, research, and advocacy
CP Affects Every Country
Cerebral palsy affects people in every country and across all socioeconomic backgrounds. A strong global network of organizations, research centers, and advocacy groups works to improve care, fund research, and protect the rights of people with CP worldwide.
International Organizations
Cerebral Palsy Alliance — cpalliance.net (Australia, global)
United Cerebral Palsy (UCP) — ucp.org (US)
CP Alliance Research Institute (CPARI) — cpari.org.au
Cerebral Palsy Research Network (CPRN) — cprn.org
AACPDM — aacpdm.org (American Academy for CP and Developmental Medicine)
CanChild — canchild.ca (Canada)
European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD) — eacd.eu
World CP Day — worldcpday.org — annual awareness day, October 6
Leading International CP Centers
Kennedy Krieger Institute — Baltimore, USA — comprehensive CP care, SDR, gait lab
Nationwide Children's Hospital — Columbus, USA — CP program, cord blood trials
Holland Bloorview Kids Rehab — Toronto, Canada — pediatric rehab research
Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute — Sydney, Australia
Queen Silvia Children's Hospital — Gothenburg, Sweden — CPUP registry, SDR
Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare — Minneapolis, USA — gait analysis, SDR
International Rights & Legal Frameworks
UN CRPD — UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified by 185 countries)
IDEA — Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (US) — free, appropriate public education
ADA — Americans with Disabilities Act — employment, access
UK Equality Act 2010 — disability rights in employment and education
EU Disability Strategy 2021–2030 — accessibility, inclusion across EU
NDIS — National Disability Insurance Scheme (Australia) — funding support
CPUP — The Swedish CP Registry Model
Sweden's CPUP (Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Program) is a national health surveillance program that monitors all children with CP from an early age, screening for hip dislocation, scoliosis, contractures, and other complications. CPUP has nearly eliminated severe hip dislocation in Sweden through proactive monitoring and early intervention. Similar registry programs are being implemented worldwide — including CP-Reg in Australia, SCPE in Europe, and CPNZ in New Zealand.
Emergency Protocols
When to call emergency services and how to respond
In Any Life-Threatening Emergency: Call Your Local Emergency Number
Emergency numbers by country: USA & Canada: 911 | UK: 999 | Australia & New Zealand: 000 | Europe (most countries): 112 | International SOS: 112 (GSM). Ensure you have a medical alert document (with CP diagnosis, medications, communication needs, emergency contacts) accessible at all times.
Seizure Emergency Protocol
Do: Lay the person on their side (recovery position), protect from injury, time the seizure, stay calm. Do not: Restrain, put anything in the mouth, give food or water. Call emergency services if: Seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, does not recover normally, injury occurs, or this is a first seizure. Rescue medication: Use prescribed rescue medication (rectal diazepam, nasal midazolam, diazepam nasal spray) if seizure exceeds prescribed threshold time.
Respiratory Distress
Signs: Labored breathing, blue lips or fingernails, gasping, choking, loss of consciousness. Immediate action: Call emergency services (911/999/112). If secretion management device is used (CoughAssist, suction machine), use immediately per protocol. Ensure airway is clear. Begin CPR if trained and if no pulse/breathing present. For ventilator-dependent patients — follow your individualized emergency ventilation protocol.
Aspiration Emergency
Signs of aspiration (inhaling food or liquid into airway): sudden coughing, choking, color change, respiratory distress during or after eating. Immediate: Stop feeding, sit upright, apply back blows if choking protocol applies. If unconscious: call emergency services. Aspiration pneumonia requires medical attention — fever, increased respiratory rate, or chest discomfort after a feeding incident warrants urgent medical review.
Medical Alert Card — Always Carry
Create a medical alert document that includes: diagnosis and GMFCS level, communication method, current medications and doses, allergies, known seizure types and rescue medication protocol, ventilator/feeding tube information (if applicable), emergency contacts, and preferred hospital. Keep a copy in the wheelchair bag, backpack, and with school/caregivers.
Stories of Achievement
People with CP who changed the world
Christy Brown (1932–1981)
Irish author and painter with spastic quadriplegia, who learned to write and paint using only his left foot. His autobiography "My Left Foot" (1954) became an Oscar-winning film. Christy Brown's life challenged every assumption about cognitive and creative potential in people with severe physical disability. His story remains one of the most powerful in disability history.
RJ Mitte
Actor known for playing Walt Jr. in Breaking Bad, RJ Mitte has mild CP. He has been a prominent advocate for disability awareness in Hollywood, demonstrating that disability does not limit a career in the entertainment industry. He advocates for authentic casting and representation of people with disabilities on screen.
Maysoon Zayid
American comedian, actress, and disability advocate with CP. Her TED Talk "I got 99 problems… palsy is just one" is one of the most watched TED Talks on disability — viewed over 16 million times. She co-founded the New York Arab-American Comedy Festival and campaigns for disability representation in media.
Justin Gallegos
Justin has CP and became the first athlete with CP to sign a professional contract with Nike. He ran the New York City Marathon and advocates for inclusive athletics. His story is a powerful example of athletic achievement and corporate inclusion in sport.
Nicolas Hamilton
British racing driver with spastic diplegia CP who competes at the professional level in touring car racing alongside his brother Lewis Hamilton (Formula 1 World Champion). Nicolas has been a prominent advocate for disability in motorsport and demonstrates that spasticity does not preclude high-performance athletics.
Josh Blue
American comedian and Paralympic soccer player with CP who won the NBC television competition "Last Comic Standing" in 2006. Josh uses humor to challenge perceptions of disability, inspire audiences worldwide, and demonstrate that people with CP can excel in competitive athletics and entertainment simultaneously.
World CP Day — October 6
World CP Day (worldcpday.org) is an annual global movement that unites people with CP, families, caregivers, researchers, and supporters in over 75 countries. The day raises awareness, celebrates achievements, and drives advocacy for the 17 million people worldwide living with cerebral palsy. Share your story at #WorldCPDay.
Resources
Organizations, databases, apps, and books
Key Organizations
United Cerebral Palsy (UCP) — ucp.org
Cerebral Palsy Foundation (CPF) — yourcpf.org
CPARF — cparf.org
Cerebral Palsy Research Network — cprn.org
AACPDM — aacpdm.org
CanChild — canchild.ca
Cerebral Palsy Alliance — cpalliance.net
Research Databases
ClinicalTrials.gov — Search: "Cerebral Palsy"
CPARG — Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Group
Cochrane Cerebral Palsy Group — cochrane.org
PubMed / NCBI — ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
CPNZ Registry — New Zealand CP registry
SCPE — Surveillance of CP in Europe
Apps & Tools
Proloquo2Go — AAC communication (iOS)
TD Snap — Tobii Dynavox AAC
TouchChat HD — AAC app
Pain DETECT / PainSCAN — pain assessment
AbleLink technologies — cognitive support apps
7 Cups — online emotional support
Books
"My Left Foot" — Christy Brown (autobiography)
"Disability Studies: Key Concepts" — Rachel Adams
"The Cerebral Palsy Handbook" — Marion Stanton
"A Good Life for Your Child with Cerebral Palsy" — Joanna Bernstein
"Far from the Tree" — Andrew Solomon (chapter on disability)
"No More Peanut Butter" (for children) — Karen Klenner
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